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Governments can apply pressure to make professionals abandon their ethical standards and become active participants in violence. When politicians demand that professionals obey, they must insist on acting ethically. The Czech writer Václav Havel told about how he remembers seeing grocery store owners in communist countries put up pro-communist signs just so they could avoid trouble from the government. You may do it out of anxiety or fear, but that can create a problem. It’s great to express your nationalism but make sure it doesn’t offend the people around you. Similarly, by marking shops with symbols that meant their owners were Jewish, the Nazis taught Germans to see Jews as economic and political enemies to be eliminated. For instance, in the 1930s, the Soviet government caricatured wealthy farmers as pigs to justify expropriating their land and killing them. People must confront and remove symbols of hate, like swastikas.

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This year’s presidential election could be its last truly free one if we don’t reform our electoral system soon. The United States is becoming an oligarchy, ruled by the wealthy and a minority party with no popular support. Nobody knows when they’re voting in their last election because that’s how it happened before. In the last century, European democracies were taken over by one party. The famous quote “eternal vigilance is the price of liberty” was actually said by Wendell Phillips, an abolitionist activist who wanted to point out how dangerous it is when Americans get too powerful and try to take over their own country. People should fight against parties that try to consolidate power. Less than a year after being elected, he banned all other parties and weakened every institution in Germany to do what he wanted. After Hitler was elected, the German people thought that Germany’s democratic institutions would stop him from implementing his anti-Semitic policies, but they didn’t. Snyder says that institutions don’t protect themselves. Stanley Milgram conducted an experiment that showed how people are more willing than they think to commit violence if ordered by authority figures like police officers or military personnel.

The Austrians started persecuting Jews before the Nazis even took over this is why later genocidal policies by the Nazis were modeled after those of Austrians. Similarly, when Hitler planned to invade Austria in 1938 (Anschluss), the Austrian government simply agreed because they were afraid of Nazi retaliation. For example, when Adolf Hitler was elected in 1933, the German citizens supported him and his policies. Throughout history, people have followed their leaders without question. He’ll also make suggestions for how America can avoid going down the same path as those countries. Snyder will look at what went right and wrong with European democracies that were founded after World War I, World War II, and the collapse of communism in 1989. The United States was founded on the principles of democracy, but it has been a long time since then. Snyder examines history in 2017 because he too fears that America could fall into tyranny.

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Snyder begins with an epigraph from the Polish philosopher Leszek Kołakowski: “In politics, being deceived is no excuse.” He believes that history can help people learn how to avoid tyranny. 1-Page Summary of On Tyranny Overall Summary Prologue

On tyranny book